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थ्री डि प्रिन्टरबाट तयार गरिएको मेरुदण्डलाई बालकको शरीरमा लगाइयो

http://hamroknowledge.blogspot.com/
चीनका डाक्टरहरुले थ्री डि प्रिन्टरबाट प्रिन्ट गरिएको मेरुदण्डलाई सफलतापूवर्क एक १२ वर्षीय बालकको शरीरमा इम्प्लान्ट गरेका छन् । ती बालक हड्डीको क्यान्सरबाट पीडित थिए ।

डाक्टरहरुका अनुसार उनीहरुले यस्तो प्रकारको सर्जरी पहिलो पटक गरेका हुन् । यसका लागि ५ घण्टा लागेको थियो ।

उक्त मेरुदण्ड टाइटानियम पाउडरले बताइएको र बालकको हड्डीलाई बढ्न दिन त्यसमा स साना प्वालहरु बनाइएका छन् ।

एक दिन उक्त बालक फुटबल खेल्दै गर्दा बललाई हेड गर्दा घाँटीमा चोट लागेको थियो । जब उनलाई उपचारका लागि अस्पताल लगियो त्यतिबेला मेरुदण्डमा ट्युमर रहेको पत्ता लागेको थियो ।

पेकिङको अर्थोपेडिक्स डिपार्टमेन्टका डाइरेक्ट लिउ झोङजुनका अनुसार यस नयाँ प्रविधि प्रयोग गर्दा परम्परागत इम्प्लान्ट जस्तै स्क्रीउ र सिमेन्ट प्रयोग गर्न पर्दैन । यो परम्परागत इम्प्लान्ट भन्दा मजबुत हुने पनि उनीहरुको दाबी छ ।

यो प्रविधिले कुनै पनि बिरामीलाई अवश्यक शरीरको कुनै पनि भाग तुरुन्तै निर्माण गर्न मद्दत पुग्ने डाक्टरहरु बताउँछन् ।

अब रायोको सागले गुडाउनेछ कार

कार गुड्न पेट्रोल होइन अब रायोको साग भए पुग्नेछ । वैज्ञानिकहरुले रायोको सागमा यस्तो क्षमता भेट्टाएका छन् जसले सूर्यको प्रकाशलाई वैकल्पिक स्वच्छ उर्जामा परिणत गर्न सक्छ । अमेरिकाको एरिजोना र पुर्ड्यु विश्वविद्यालयका शोधकर्ताहरुले रायोको सागबाट निकालिएको फोटोसिस्टम-२ नामक प्रोटिन कम्प्लेक्स लाई वैकल्पिक उर्जा उत्पादनमा प्रयोग गर्न सकिने विधि पत्ता लगाएका हुन् ।
शोधकर्ताहरुले यो प्रोटिनलाई लेजर प्रकाशको माध्यमबाट उत्प्रेरित गराएपछि त्यसका अणुमा रहेका इलेक्ट्रोनको संरचनामा परिवर्तन भएको पाए ।

त्यो प्रोटिन कम्प्लेक्स काम गर्नका लागि प्रकाश आवश्यक परेकोमा लेजरलाई सूर्यको प्रकाशको रुपमा प्रयोगशालामा प्रयोग गरियो । प्रोटिनले काम गर्न थालेपछि शोधकर्ताहरुले इलेक्ट्रोन प्याराम्याग्नेटिक रिजोनेन्स तथा एक्स रे स्पेक्ट्रोस्कोपीको प्रयोग गरी इलेक्ट्रोनका संरचना कसरी परिवर्तन भए भन्ने कुराको अवलोकन गरे ।
‘हामीले अध्ययन गरेका प्रोटिनहरु अहिलेसम्मकै सबैभन्दा शक्तिशाली प्रणालीको रुपमा रहेका छन् जसले सूर्यको प्रकाश शक्तिलाई रासायनिक शक्तिमा बदल्ने काममा ६० प्रतिशत दक्षता प्रदर्शन गर्छन्’, पुर्ड्यु विश्वविद्यालयकी शोधकर्ता युलिया पुष्कर बताउँछिन् ।
यो प्रणालीको माध्यमबाट कृत्रिम प्रकाश सस्लेसणमार्फत वैकल्पिक उर्जा उत्पादनमा प्रयोग गर्न सकिने सम्भावनाको ठोका उघ्रेको शोधकर्ता बताउँछन् । कृत्रिम प्रकाश संस्लेषणको माध्यमबाट शौर्य उर्जालाई नविकरणीय, वातावरणमैत्री हाइड्रोजनमा आधारिक इन्धनमा परिणत गर्न सकिने र सोही उर्जालाई गाडी गुडाउन लगायतका अन्य विभिन्न काममा समेत प्रयोग गर्न सकिने सम्भावना रहेको शोधकर्ताहरुको भनाइ छ ।

नोकिया एक्स मोवाइल सार्वजनिक

एजेन्सी। प्रयोगकर्ताको बढी विश्वासिलो ब्राण्ड नोकियाले लामो समयको पर्खाइपछि नोकियाको एक्स मोवाइल सार्वजनिक गरेको छ। एन्ड्रोइड भर्सन भएको एक्स सिरिज नोकिया एक्स, एक्स प्लस र एक्सएल मोवाइल वर्ल्ड काग्रेसमा घोषणा गरिएपछि भारतको दिल्लीमा भने १० मार्चमा अफिसियली सार्वजनिक गरिएको हो।

नोकियाको एक्स मोवाइलको सार्वजनिक भएसँगै नोकियाको अरु नोकिया एक्स, एक्स प्लस र एक्सएलको रिलिज हुने समयको योजना चाडै बनाइदैछ। यसअघि नोकियाको एक्स मोवाइललाई ८ हजार ५ सयमा विक्रि गर्ने ट्याग लगाइए पनि पछि हटाइएको छ। तर अब उक्त मोवाइल तपाइले ९ हजार भारुमा किन्न पाउनुहुनेछ।सार्वजनिक गरिएको नोकिया एक्समा डबल सिम लाग्ने, ४ इन्च ८००x४८० रिजोलुसन भएको २ प्वाइन्ट मल्टि टचस्क्रिन डिस्प्ले रहेको छ। यसका साथै यो मोवाइलमा ५१२ एमबि र्‍याम,  ४ जिबी इन्टरनल मेमोरी र ३२ जीबी सम्म माइक्रो एसडी कार्ड समेत सपोर्ट गर्ने गरी बनाइएको छ। ४.१.२ भर्सन एन्ड्रोइड भएको यसमा १ गिगाहर्ज क्षमता भएको ड्युअल कोर क्वालकम स्न्यापड्रागन एस४  प्रोसेसर र एड्रिनो २०३ जीपियु समाहित छ।

नोकियाको एक्स मोवाइलमा ३.१ मेगा पिक्सल रेजुलेशन भएको सिंगल क्यामरा, 3G वाइफाइ सर्पोट , जीपीएस र ब्लुटुथले समेत काम गर्छ। १५०० सय एम्पियरको ब्याट्री ब्याकअप रहेको यो नोकिया एक्स मोवाइलमा 3G  नेटवर्कमा १० घण्टासम्म र 2G नेटवर्कमा १३ घण्टासम्म चल्ने कम्पनीले दावी गरेको छ।

Amazon’s “Octocopter” drones to deliver orders within half an hour

We are used to hear in Indian television channels offering a delivery of periods 30 minutes for food items and money back gurantee if failed to do so. Now there’s no chance of failure in delivery of any items because internet giant Amazon had almost finished development of  Octocopter drones to deliver orders.
Amazon in Action during Test fly
Octocopter drones are small flying machines that are controlled by the software to deliver product to the buyer in time.The days are not far away when your food will be delivered to your door before it gets cold. Although there a lot of limitatons of the Octocopter like it’s range of flight and weight it could carry which would be increased with a further research and development. This techonology would be soon in the market and would be used for different business and personal purposes.

The Method to Write Compelling Headline That People Can't Resist

Headlines are the most crucial and overlooked part of writing an article. It's the first impression you make on any prospective readers. Without a compelling headline that turns a browser into a potential readers, your killer content can go to waste.

Even if you have a large chunk of subscribers. Most people will see your headline along with some other headlines in their feed reader, and it's obvious that they can't read all post in their feed reader, they only pick the one's that have a compelling headline and draw their curiosity to read the full story.

Imagine a newspaper or magazine with no headlines. Imagine a print ad with no headlines. Imagine a long-form sales page with no headlines.

A waste i guess?

People today are hunting for information. With so many blogs to read, so many stuffs to Like on Facebook, so many tweets to favorite or re-tweet, so many videos to watch. But how do you entice readers to consider your content first?

You need to focus on your ability to write compelling headline!
You don't have to be a pro-writer, it just about the way you can create curiosity and study what work best.

If you aren't confident in your ability to write outstanding headlines, you're not alone. Most bloggers and writers find it so challenging to actually craft captivating headlines.
I sometimes deliberate over titles for 30-60 minutes before i finally settle for one that works. And I often go back and change them if their performance are poor. This is what it takes to write a good headline.

If you are stuck and couldn't write a compelling headline for your blog, try these simple tricks that works for me:

  1.  Count The Benefits

Write about 50 ways to do something your audience might find interesting and helpful, and see a great upsurge in your site statistics.

If you are writing a post that shows 20 tips to blog as a pro, why don’t you show in the title that you are providing 20 tips?

    10 tips to blog like a pro
    10 tips to write great content that convert
    15 ways to suck your blog
    9 smart ways to get free quality blog traffic

There aren’t really any rules regarding what numbers work best, but large number like 42 or 50 can catch people’s attention, because it will show readers that you have a lot to say on the topic.

    2.  Use Adjectives


When it comes to writing headlines. Adjective plays a vital role. Proper use of adjectives in headline are attention-grabbing and easily get clicked.

Some interesting adjectives that work like charm include:

    Secret
    Strange
    Smart
    Easy
    Effortless
    Simple
    Incredible
    Free

You have to be very careful when using adjective in headline. Always avoid subjective claim like "The leading ......" or "The only one ......" or "The number one ......" etc. Most people use it, but they are futile; like claiming your post or blog is the best in the world. Sounds weird, right?

These sorts of claim are tempting really, but it will demote your credibility if the post doesn't truly provide what the headline advertise.

3.  The Why, What, When, and How Headline

These are trigger words and they are the widely used format in writing a captivating headline. They are very effective in creating curiosity that get clicked.

The headline says why something is important or relevant or secret or effective, but to find out exactly why that is, you have to read the article.

    Why people struggle to get what they want?
    Why you need to write great headline?
    Why You Will Fail at Blogging
    What you need to succeed at blogging?
    When should you monetize your blog?
    How to write compelling headline that people can't resist
    How to reduce your blog bounce rate fast

  4.  Urgent Headline

An urgent headline calls for immediate attention. Great headlines that demand attention use some type of time aspect to drive interest.

"Write Better Headlines" is not nearly as compelling as "Write Better Headlines Today!". Just one word can trigger a sense of urgency and make all the difference.

Give your headline a sense of urgency by using a time element. Use a specific unit of time in your headline, such as:

    Now
    Today
    Soon
    Day, Month, year

People are generally prone to take action if they know they're running against time. But make sure you withdraw your offer at the stated time. If you're going to extend the deadline, you should provide a better reason because your credibility is at stake.

    24 hours left to download my free report
    If you don’t fix x NOW, then y will happen.

  5.  Be Specific


I noticed that most of the highest converting headlines on the web are more specific. Qualifying your headline with specific phrase tends to be targeted and catchy.

Let's say you are above 40years of age and you read this two headline:
"Health tips"
"Health tips for people above 40years"
Which one will you read first? The later, right?

Instead of writing "100+ ways to do something," write something like "108 ways to do something." "Get a T-shirt for less than $20" is not as catchy as "Get a T-shirt for only $14." Let's people easily know what is in your post for them. Your headline must relate to a specific offer or to a specific result or benefit. The headline can't be vague or ambiguous.

  6.  Keep it Short and Clea
r

What is the ideal length for headlines?
Eight words or less is a good rule of thumb. Shorter headlines are easy to share especially on Twitter where your tweet are limited to only 140 characters.

It is difficult to stick to this rule, but nonetheless, it’s a good one. Fewer words make greater impact.

There’s no reason why you should use long tail keyword phrase for SEO sake, short keyword phrase if appropriate. Remember the article needs to be read by people, and not just search bots. So if your headline looks too forced it’s going to be a big turn-off for your audience.

Consider the following two examples:

10 things that will make people not to read your blog again
AND
10 Killer ways to suck your blog

Notice any difference? That's the effectiveness of brevity!
There are times where long words works well. But trying to stick up with shorter words have always be the best and effective ways to write compelling headlines.

  7.  Controversy Headline

Taking a stand on a big issue or vocalizing your opinion can be very effective at attracting readers and increasing click-through rates. If you can write a headline that go against a bad product or popular practice, write it. If you find out a way of doing things that people will find it hard to believe, get your computer ready!
Controversy is one of those things that tends to pique people’s interest. But you have to back these types of titles up with posts that reflect the title and with good reasons.

Avoid race, religion, and extremely sensitive topics so you don’t earn a bad rep or offend a lot of people, because when you create controversy, you'll attract opinions, questions and different reactions.

  8.  News Format


People are pre-disposed to seek out what is new and different in their environment. To give readers a reason to read your blog content, your headline must say something she never heard before. If your headline make her feel "i already know about that." that's a big turn-off.

Putting your headline in terms of a story, news or announcement, have always works great. Headline starting with "Introducing", "At last", "Finally", "New", "Now", "Just released" and so on are all tested winners.

If you want to get inspiration, look at the cover of magazines or news paper. Those editors sure know how to write compelling headlines. They know the secret of headlines: it’s the headlines that sells. Same thing with your blog headlines.

  9.  Make BIG Claims

When you have a "Wow" level content, share it! Making big claims have prove to be very effective in driving people attentions. People who don't really need your post will also like to check it out.

When making big claims, you have to back up your claims with tangible proof or testimonial if you don't want to run a risk of loosing your readers interest.

Examples:

    How i make $40,000 less than a month using [blank]
    You don't have to be a runner to win a marathon


  10.  Make a Promise


Will you teach your readers how to learn a new skill? Will you persuade them to do something they never done before? Will you unlock an ancient mystery? Whatever the story will do, it should have some use to the reader.

For your reader to see value in your copy, you must show how it will help him. Remember that people buy because they want a result. Make your headline have your big promise in it - and guarantee it!

    Sell your house in a day
    Get rid of that carpet stains once and for all
    How to burn fat until you hit your ideal weight - GUARANTEED!

To make your promising headline, simply speak to the issue which is foremost in your reader’s mind - the solution he have been craving for. Always deliver what you promised.

  11.  Ask a Question


Questions are a good way to arouse readers curiosity, effective at getting readers to leave comment, powering them to want to find out more and give them a need to read the full story.

    Why doctors don't get sick?
    Would you travel 1000miles for this girl?
    Do you make this blogging mistake?

When you ask a question, those who read it are wired to respond. But these is also risky if the readers immediate answer is 'no'. A question like "Do you want to know my blogging secrets?" might get a 'no' as answer. Likewise "Do you need a web designer?" can get skipped. Asking rhetorical question like "How do you know when it is time to hire a web designer?" sounds enticing.

Further Headline Writing Tips
    Write it first: Can you start writing an article without knowing the main idea or concept behind it? Can you write it without knowing what it’s about? Of course not. Don't save the headline for last. You must write it down first so as to know where the article is headed.
    Write different version: Don't just go with the first attempt. Write down 5-7 different styles and experiment the one that sound enticing by saying it loud or re-check it with a fresh mind after few hours to see how it will appeal to your audience.
    Use bold font size: Make sure the font size for your headlines is big and clear enough so people know they’re headlines. You’ve spent time creating headlines you can be proud of, won't it be a waste if people can't read them?.
    Check for boring headlines: Go through your blog archives to see if there is any headline that turn-off readers. If you find some, change it to give room for more people to read.

People don’t want to be tricked into reading something boring, they want to be drawn into something exciting. Don't make them feel depressed after reading your copy. The time spent on crafting your great headline, should also be spend on creating great content to back it up.

There’s a lot more you can study when it comes to headlines, but practice is more important than study, so get out there and create articles that need headlines, and incorporate the above best practice.

फसेबूक ले Like र Share buttons first चोटी change गर्यो !!

It won't be wrong to say that the Like button is the soul of Facebook, the popular social networking service. The Like and Share buttons aren't just confined to the Facebook website but extend much beyond it across the Internet allowing users to share and recommend content driving referral hits.

For the first time, Facebook has decided to give these buttons a makeover. The social network says that it's already seeing a 'favourable increase in Likes and Shares with the new design' and that it would be rolling these buttons out to everyone in the next few weeks.

The new buttons sport a brighter shade of blue with white 'Like' text in a new font and a Facebook 'F' logo instead of the thumbs-up symbol.

Facebook will automatically upgrade the new design of the buttons part of the roll out for websites currently using the old ones. The new design allows websites to use the Like and Share button together in convenient ways.

Alicia Ann Lynch: Boston Marathon Bombing Halloween Costume Draws Death Threats; Social Media User Gets Fired - Hoax or Fact?

Alicia Ann Lynch is the latest name to draw death threats on Twitter over a joke, which, according to many social media users, was not funny. Alicia posted photos of herself in a Boston marathon bombing Halloween costume. Is the news some attention grabbing hoax or for real?
An illustration picture shows the log-on icon for the Website Twitter on an iPad in Bordeaux, Southwestern France, in this file photo from January 30, 2013. Twitter Inc will seek to raise $1 billion in the largest Silicon Valley IPO since Facebook Inc's 2012 coming-out party, according to an IPO filing made public October 3, 2013. REUTERS/Regis Duvignau/Files
An illustration picture shows the log-on icon for the Website Twitter on an iPad in Bordeaux, Southwestern France, in this file photo from January 30, 2013. Twitter Inc will seek to raise $1 billion in the largest Silicon Valley IPO since Facebook Inc's 2012 coming-out party, according to an IPO filing made public October 3, 2013. REUTERS/Regis Duvignau/Files

The proliferating marathon bombing Halloween costume (click here to see the photo) shows a smiling young lady in a blue marathon shirt marked 739. Her arms and legs are painted with fake blood, making some people shudder over the memory of the Boston tragedy.   

"Totally saw this costume last night. RT A woman who dressed up as a Boston bombing victim," Twitter user @chachkevitch posted. The RT is understood to be "retweet," for the others to react or simply retweet the photo. Many others have done the same.

The latest developments indicate Alicia's parents and she herself have received death threats over the joke. Screen captures of her Halloween photo are widespread on Twitter and Instagram, and it remains visible even after she has cancelled her social media accounts.

"Plz stop with the death threats towards my parents. They did nothing wrong. I was the one in the wrong and I am paying for being insensitive," Alicia Ann Lynch was quoted as saying in a screen capture report. She has also reportedly tweeted about having lost her job over the incident.

"Girl Who Wore Boston Marathon Bombing Victim Costume Is Lowest Form Of Life Possible," tweets @txsunshinegrl04.

"To the girl that thought it would be a good idea to dress up in a marathon bombing victim costume, I hope you get hit by a train," tweets @ajorge4793.

The controversial Halloween photo may have sparked some very angry remarks, but others have shown they can react without angry words and imply disgust at the same time. Some just have to point out one word to describe the "bombing victim" costume.

"It really disturbs me that people would find a marathon bombing victim halloween costume funny, clever or appropriate," tweets @TiarraNorcross.

"This is disgusting. It's not 'too soon,' its WRONG," tweets @SashaWithLuv.

Social media users often fail to separate the act from the doer, as others believe there should be no separation at all. However, there are others who care more about pointing out what is wrong, instead of giving people a taste of their own (perceived) offence.

The Halloween photo, if not displayed in Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram, is linked - permanently - in some users image host accounts.

"How's everyone feel about this girls Marathon Bombing costume? http://tinyurl.com/n7qppvr," tweets @thejustinmac. 

There's a lesson for social media users here. Think twice before you post. This is not the first mistake ever made on Twitter or anywhere online. But there has been a pattern, and some people are not too forgiving. This Twitter user (@TheTwidster) who claims to be a Bostonian, has a message for Alicia Ann Lynch:

"As a Bostonian, I forgive you. I am glad that you have not killed yourself, and I seriously hope you learned your lesson."

Scrimshaw skull was canvas for whaling artists


It is 1825, nearing the peak of American whaling, and the seas are still crowded with whales. But hunting the mighty creatures means long, lonely stretches for whaling crews on voyages that could last for years.

It is a time before Sudoku, so sailors turn to scrimshaw – detailed etching on bone or ivory – to while away the hours. This skull of a rough-toothed dolphin, Steno bredanensis, becomes the canvass for images including potted plants, butterflies and flags. Sailing ships flank the back of the animal's head, while a checkerboard pattern marches along the mandible.

The origin of this piece is unknown, but it is thought to be the work of an American whaler working around 1825, judging by the flags depicted.

Cetaceans themselves can get creative, too. Some whales woo mates with love songs, and then cement their union with duetsSpeaker. Whales and dolphins could even be said to have their own cultures.

Whales can craft a story worthy of the most ambitious scrimshaw artist: their 25-centimetre long plugs of earwax can serve as detailed records of their life experiences.

(Image: AMNH/Elizabeth Nunan)

The scrimshaw skull is on display at an exhibition called Whales: Giants of the deep at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City.

Read more about whales and other ocean creatures in our mysteries of the deep sea topic guide.

Scrimshaw skull was canvas for whaling artists


It is 1825, nearing the peak of American whaling, and the seas are still crowded with whales. But hunting the mighty creatures means long, lonely stretches for whaling crews on voyages that could last for years.

It is a time before Sudoku, so sailors turn to scrimshaw – detailed etching on bone or ivory – to while away the hours. This skull of a rough-toothed dolphin, Steno bredanensis, becomes the canvass for images including potted plants, butterflies and flags. Sailing ships flank the back of the animal's head, while a checkerboard pattern marches along the mandible.

The origin of this piece is unknown, but it is thought to be the work of an American whaler working around 1825, judging by the flags depicted.

Cetaceans themselves can get creative, too. Some whales woo mates with love songs, and then cement their union with duetsSpeaker. Whales and dolphins could even be said to have their own cultures.

Whales can craft a story worthy of the most ambitious scrimshaw artist: their 25-centimetre long plugs of earwax can serve as detailed records of their life experiences.

(Image: AMNH/Elizabeth Nunan)

The scrimshaw skull is on display at an exhibition called Whales: Giants of the deep at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City.

Read more about whales and other ocean creatures in our mysteries of the deep sea topic guide.

Your face may have been sculpted by junk DNA

Even the prettiest faces are built using junk. In mice, the shapes of the face and skull are finely tuned by junk DNA, so called because it was initially thought to lack function since it doesn't encode proteins. The same junk DNA sequences are found in humans, so they are probably also shaping our faces.

This finding could help us make sense of some congenital conditions, such as cleft palates, that can develop even when the genes that shape the face appear to be working normally.

There is a huge degree of variation in human faces but, as family resemblances show, the overall shape is heavily constrained by genetics. However, so far, geneticists have identified only a small number of genes that influence the shape. These explain just a tiny fraction of the variation seen in human faces.

According to Axel Visel of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in California and his colleagues, more variation is controlled by distant-acting enhancers. These are short sequences of DNA, in non-coding regions of the genome, that can influence the activity of the facial genes, even if they are a long way along the DNA strand.

"Enhancers are part of the 98 per cent of the human genome that is non-coding DNA – long thought of as 'junk DNA'," says Visel. "It's increasingly clear that important functions are embedded in this 'junk'."
Face enhancers

Visel and his colleagues used a technique called optical projection tomography, which allows them to build up a three-dimensional model of a developing mouse embryo and show how gene expression varies in each region. This revealed some 120 enhancers that were active in various regions of the developing face. To work out what the enhancers were doing, the team chose three and engineered three groups of mice to each lack one of them.

When the mice were 8 weeks old, the team compared their skulls and faces to those of a control group of mice with all enhancers intact. They found that each enhancer had a subtle effect on face shape. For instance, deleting one enhancer left mice with faces that were longer – but skulls that were broader and shorter – than the control mice.

It's an important study, says Lavinia Paternoster, a geneticist at the University of Bristol, UK, because it identifies the key areas of the genome for face shape. "Studies such as this will enable us to focus on regions of the genome that are more likely to harbour important genetic variants and hence might mean that we can identify these variants with smaller sample sizes than is usually necessary."

However, she thinks the junk DNA might not be as important as Visel suggests. She has performed one of the few studies so far to identify genes involved in facial morphology. She investigated the entire genome – including coding and non-coding regions – of thousands of individuals, and found little evidence that non-coding regions have a powerful effect on face shape. "I am in no doubt that some enhancers do harbour some genetic variants that will influence face shape," she says. "But they are not the Holy Grail of missing heritability."
Cleaving palates

None of these effects on face shape were dramatic enough to, say, cause a cleft palate. But several enhancers can act on a single gene, says Visel. So if some or all of these enhancers carry mutations, their cumulative effect might lead to such dramatic facial changes.

"There are many cases of craniofacial pathologies – including a significant number of cases of clefts of the lip or palate – that cannot currently be explained by mutations in protein-coding genes," says Visel. "Based on our studies in the mouse model, it is possible or even likely that in some of these cases mutations in enhancers play a role."

So perhaps rather than looking for mutations in the genes, we should be focusing on mutations in the enhancers that influence those genes.

"This will certainly help us to understand the underlying causes of these defects better, and will eventually help in the diagnosis, possibly also prevention or treatment of such conditions," says Visel.

'Egg' in cellular nest shows off the Small World

 Like a softly glowing robin's egg, the nucleus of a cultured kidney cell seems to lie in a nest of microtubules, as seen at 100-times magnification. The shot is among the spectacular entrants in this year's Nikon Small World competition, which since 1974 has recognised the best pictures taken using a microscope.

All cells with a membrane-bound nucleus also have microtubules – hollow filaments of protein that aid in various tasks, from cell division to locomotion. This surreal vision of a lab-grown monkey cell was submitted by Mariela Loschi of Buenos Aires, Argentina.

(Image: James Burchfield/Nikon Small World 2013)

Another image shows the explosive dynamics of sugar transport in fat cells, seen in a living cell thanks to a microscope technique called total internal reflection fluorescence. It was made by James Burchfield at the Garvan Institute in Sydney, Australia. Stay tuned for the contest winners, which will be announced 30 October, and in the meantime tour a gallery of our favourite shots from last year's competition.

'Egg' in cellular nest shows off the Small World

 Like a softly glowing robin's egg, the nucleus of a cultured kidney cell seems to lie in a nest of microtubules, as seen at 100-times magnification. The shot is among the spectacular entrants in this year's Nikon Small World competition, which since 1974 has recognised the best pictures taken using a microscope.

All cells with a membrane-bound nucleus also have microtubules – hollow filaments of protein that aid in various tasks, from cell division to locomotion. This surreal vision of a lab-grown monkey cell was submitted by Mariela Loschi of Buenos Aires, Argentina.

(Image: James Burchfield/Nikon Small World 2013)

Another image shows the explosive dynamics of sugar transport in fat cells, seen in a living cell thanks to a microscope technique called total internal reflection fluorescence. It was made by James Burchfield at the Garvan Institute in Sydney, Australia. Stay tuned for the contest winners, which will be announced 30 October, and in the meantime tour a gallery of our favourite shots from last year's competition.

Protected areas in the ocean now exceed size of Europe

Nearly three percent of the world's oceans – an area slightly larger than Europe – now lies within designated marine protected areas, according to new data from the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). This is a significant increase from 2010 when the area protected was just 1.2 per cent. However, many of the new protected zones may be of little value in terms of conservation.

The IUCN, which yesterday released the latest official map of marine protected areas (MPAs), defines a protected area as "a clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values". In practical terms, this can mean implementing measures to restrict the amount of fishing and mineral exploitation that can take place in the waters, for example.

The rapid increase in coverage of MPAs means that the world should soon be able to meet the UN Convention on Biological Diversity target of having 10 per cent of the oceans protected. "It's encouraging to see the progress we've made so far," said Carl Gustaf Lundin, director of the IUCN's Global Marine and Polar Programme. "If we continue to increase this area by one per cent each year, we should be able to reach the agreed 10 per cent by 2020."
Antarctic talks

We may get even closer to meeting the target when the results of negotiations to create huge marine reserves around Antarctica – which would include some of the world's last remaining pristine waters – are announced next week. The MPAs being discussed in Hobart, Australia, would introduce a ban on fishing in the spawning areas of some species and put limits on the amount of fish caught elsewhere. If the proposals being discussed are agreed on, the global protected area will jump by about another percentage point.

But a preoccupation with the size of MPAs is counterproductive, says marine conservationist Bob Pressey from James Cook University in Townsville, Australia. "It's the wrong measure." He says conservation only occurs when a threat, such as species loss from overfishing or pollution, has been mitigated. Many of the protected areas do not enjoy sufficient enforcement.

The largest network of marine reserves in the world is around Australia, and was significantly added to in 2012. Pressey points out that many of those areas allow oil and gas exploration, while others allow recreational fishing.
Motivated by numbers

The focus on the 2020 target means governments are motivated to protect the low-hanging fruit – large areas that are of little conservation value or that are not under any threat, Pressey says.

"If you look at the no-take zones [off Australia], you find them way offshore in deep water and you find them in areas with no oil or gas interest," he says. "In the world map, we see a repetition of that. The big MPAs are remote as hell," he says.

Hugh Possingham from the University of Queensland, who together with Pressey built the open-source software that countries use to design MPAs, agrees. "We don't want countries just bragging about the size and percentages. There's more to this than size," he says. One important factor is that an example of each type of ecosystem in a country's waters should be protected, such as mangrove forests or salt marshes, but this effort is often perverted by commercial interests, he says.

Pressey says the Antarctic MPAs currently being negotiated would be a valuable addition because of the region's important biodiversity – the Ross Sea, for example, boasts orcas, minke whales, seals, Adélie and emperor penguins – and the threat the area faces from overfishing.

Entangled toy universe shows time may be an illusion

Time is an illusion – at least in a toy model of the universe made of two particles of light. The experiment shows that what we perceive as the passage of time might emerge from the strange property of quantum entanglementMovie Camera. The finding could assist in solving the long-standing problem of how to unify modern physics.

Physicists have two ways of describing reality, quantum mechanics for the small world of particles and general relativity for the larger world of planets and black holes. But the two theories do not get along: attempts to combine their equations into a unified theory produce seemingly nonsensical answers. One early attempt in the 1960s was the Wheeler-DeWitt equation, which managed to quantise general relativity – by leaving out time altogether.

"It means that the universe should not evolve. But of course we see evolution," says Marco Genovese at the National Institute of Metrological Research in Torino, Italy.

In 1983 theorists Don Page and William Wootters suggested that quantum entanglement might provide a solution to the Wheeler-DeWitt "problem of time"Movie Camera. When quantum objects are entangled, measuring the properties of one changes those of the other. Mathematically, they showed that a clock entangled with the rest of the universe would appear to tick when viewed by an observer within that universe. But if a hypothetical observer existed outside the universe, when they looked in, everything would appear stationary.
Photon clock

For the first time, Genovese and colleagues have demonstrated this effect in a physical system, albeit in a "universe" that contains only two photons. The team started by sending a pair of entangled photons along two separate paths. The photons start out polarised, or orientated, either horizontally or vertically, and the polarisation rotates as both photons pass though a quartz plate and on to a series of detectors.

The entangled photons exist in a superposition of both horizontal and vertical states simultaneously until they are observed. But the thicker the plate, the longer it takes the photons to pass through and the more their polarisation evolves, affecting the probability that either one will take a particular value.

In one mode of the experiment, one of the photons is treated like a clock with a tick that can alternate between horizontal and vertical polarisation. Because of entanglement, reading this clock will affect the polarisation value of the second photon. That means an observer that reads the clock influences the photons' universe and becomes part of it. The observer is then able to gauge the polarisation value of the other photon based on quantum probabilities.

Since photons passing through a thicker quartz plate experience a different degree of change, repeating the experiment with plates of different thicknesses confirms that the second photon's polarisation varies with time.

In another mode, the experimenter is a "super-observer" that exists outside of the universe, and so measures the quantum state of the system as a whole. From that vantage point, the state of both photons taken together is always the same, giving the appearance of a static universe.
Quantum cosmos?

"It's very nice these people have done an experiment to illustrate this effect and show how in practice it can occur," says Page, who is now at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Canada.

But not everyone thinks the Wheeler-DeWitt equation is the correct route to unification of the quantum and classical worlds, says Lee Smolin at the Perimeter Institute in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. "They have verified in the context of a laboratory system that quantum mechanics is working correctly," he says. But Smolin argues that any correct description of the universe must include time.

Genovese acknowledges that the result does not cinch the issue. Instead, he sees the work as a hint that quantum equations can in some ways mesh with general relativity, offering hope for a unified theory. The next step will be moving beyond the toy universe and seeing whether a similar effect scales up to explain what we see on a cosmic level.

"It's a visualisation of the phenomenon, it's not a proof," Genovese says of the experiment. "You should look to the universe itself for that."

Fossil skull challenges understanding of human evolution - video

The discovery of a complete hominid skull and other fossil remains in Dmanisi, Georgia, suggests that the earliest members of the Homo genus – currently split into half a dozen distinct species – actually belonged to a single species: Homo erectus. These early human ancestors probably just had a wide range of physical appearances, say researchers in the journal Science. The skull is 1.8m years old and has a small braincase, a long face and large teeth, a combination of features not previously seen in other early Homo fossils

Fossil skull challenges understanding of human evolution - video

The discovery of a complete hominid skull and other fossil remains in Dmanisi, Georgia, suggests that the earliest members of the Homo genus – currently split into half a dozen distinct species – actually belonged to a single species: Homo erectus. These early human ancestors probably just had a wide range of physical appearances, say researchers in the journal Science. The skull is 1.8m years old and has a small braincase, a long face and large teeth, a combination of features not previously seen in other early Homo fossils
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